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Pharmacology MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES (MADE EASY)

Posted on October 26, 2022 By
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In this lecture we’re gonna cover the menstrual  cycle as well as the pharmacology of hormonal   the menstrual cycle is defined by the regular,   throughout a female’s reproductive life. the   normal menstrual cycle results from a complex  feedback system involving the hypothalamus,   pituitary, ovary, and uterus. the average

Length  of the cycle is 28 days, but this can vary between   according to convention, the cycle is divided   into two phases of approximately 14 days each. the  first half of the cycle is called the follicular   hypothalamus sets the beat for the menstrual cycle   by the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing  hormone

(Gnrh). gnrh then acts on the anterior   pituitary gonadotropic cells and causes them to  release two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone   we’re gonnna use a graph to illustrate the   day-to-day changes of these and other hormones in  plasma that play a role in the menstrual cycle.   travels to the ovary where it binds

To immature   maturation. as the ovarian follicles grow,   they become surrounded by layers of so called  theca and granulosa cells. at this point lh joins   the party and stimulates lh receptors expressed  on theca cells causing them to produce androgens,   in response to fsh binding to the fsh receptors   graph,

As a result of these events, in the first   week of the cycle we will see slightly elevated  levels of fsh and lh, and then around day 7 we   now, estrogen serves two primary purposes.   known as endometrium, to grow thicker in   these endometrial changes are proliferative,   secondly, the initial rise in estrogen 

Levels sends a negative feedback signal   suppress further production of fsh and lh.   growing follicles produce another hormone   called inhibin, which selectively suppresses fsh  secretion. as the follicular phase progresses,   remain sensitive to decreasing levels of fsh,   grow and produce increasing amounts of

Estrogen.   once again, the lining of the uterus continues  to become thicker and spongier with blood-rich   matures within the ovary, estrogen begins  to exert positive feedback on lh production,   when lh reaches its peak, it triggers the mature  follicle to rupture and release the egg into   fallopian tube in a process

Called ovulation.  this marks the end of the follicular phase and   the beginning of the second half of the menstrual  cycle called luteal phase. so, after ovulation,   develop into a structure called the corpus luteum.   this structure becomes a center for the production  of the final key hormone that is progesterone.  

Just like estrogen, progesterone helps the uterine  lining to become thicker and more vascular. in   addition to this, progesterone stimulates glands  in the uterine wall to produce fluids necessary   for the nutrition of the potential embryo, and it  stimulates glands in the cervix to secrete thick   and becomes a barrier to

Sperm and bacteria.   cycle is also called the secretory phase.   now, going back to our graph. during the first  few days following ovulation, the corpus luteum   secretes high levels of progesterone, as well as  lower levels of estrogen. this is why the graph   shows a steep rise in progesterone and a slight  bump

In estrogen levels, which peak around day 21.   levels of circulating estrogen, progesterone,   effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary   thereby inhibiting secretion of gnrh, fsh and  lh, which prevents new follicles from developing.   occur during this short period of time,   the corpus luteum will start

To break down causing  levels of both estrogen and progesterone to fall   progesterone and estrogen levels that causes   the uterine lining to break down and ultimately  come out in the form of menstrual bleeding,   now that we covered the menstrual cycle, let’s  move on to the second part of this lecture that  

Is the pharmacology of hormonal contraceptives.  so, hormonal contraception refers to birth   system of the female to prevent ovulation   or fertilization. there are two main types of  hormonal contraceptives. first is the so-called   forms of both estrogen and progesterone.   and the second is progestin-only method,

Which  contains only progestin that is synthetic version   of progesterone. alright, so before we discuss  how each of these methods prevent pregnancy,   of endogenous hormones throughout the  now, although hormonal contraceptives come in  different forms such as patches, injections, and   vaginal rings, the most widely

Used form is the  oral tablet also known as the birth control pill.   combination birth control pills come in different  formulations commonly referred to as monophasic   and multiphasic. in monophasic formulations, the  pills deliver the same amount of estrogen and   progestin each day for the first 21 days followed  by 7

Days suspension or 7 days of placebo pills.   progestin leads to continuous suppression   of lh and fsh output from the pituitary which  results in inhibition of ovulation. the last   7 days of suspension or placebo, in turn allow  estrogen and progestin levels to fall dramatically   bleeding that mimics the normal menstrual

Cycle.   formulations. in this type of combination   birth control, the pills deliver varying levels  of estrogen and progestin that intend to mimic   reduce the total exogenous hormone dose per cycle.   women can end their menstrual periods altogether  by continuously taking combined estrogen-progestin   we have

Progestin-only birth control pills,   long-term hormonal contraception and for whom   exogenous estrogen is contraindicated because  of breastfeeding or cardiovascular disease.   now, progestin-only pills are taken continuously,  cycles leading to consistent suppression of  fsh and endogenous progesterone production.  

Intramuscular depot-medroxyprogesterone,   systemic dose of progestin delivered by all   as a result, there is less suppression of   occasional lh surge that can trigger ovulation.   instead, progestin-only contraceptives are thought  to function primarily by thickening cervical mucus   changes inhibit egg implantation

And make it   more difficult for sperm to enter the uterus. now,  to end with some examples of actual drugs used in   birth control products, commonly found synthetic  derivatives of estrogen are ethinyl estradiol   progesterone are; desogestrel, drospirenone,   and norethindrone. and with that i wanted   to thank

You for watching i hope you found this  video useful and as always stay tuned for more.

Transcribed from video
Pharmacology – MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES (MADE EASY) By Speed Pharmacology

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